/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.hadoop.util;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Timer;
import java.util.TimerTask;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability;
import org.apache.hadoop.security.alias.AbstractJavaKeyStoreProvider;

/** 
 * A base class for running a Unix command.
 * 
 * <code>Shell</code> can be used to run unix commands like <code>du</code> or
 * <code>df</code>. It also offers facilities to gate commands by 
 * time-intervals.
 */
@InterfaceAudience.LimitedPrivate({"HDFS", "MapReduce"})
@InterfaceStability.Unstable
abstract public class Shell {
  
  public static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(Shell.class);
  
  /**
   * java.version is enforced via maven-enforcer-plugin.
   * Starting from Hadoop 2.7.0 Java 1.7 or higher is required.
   */
  private static boolean IS_JAVA7_OR_ABOVE = true;

  public static boolean isJava7OrAbove() {
    return IS_JAVA7_OR_ABOVE;
  }

  /**
   * Maximum command line length in Windows
   * KB830473 documents this as 8191
   */
  public static final int WINDOWS_MAX_SHELL_LENGHT = 8191;

  /**
   * Checks if a given command (String[]) fits in the Windows maximum command line length
   * Note that the input is expected to already include space delimiters, no extra count
   * will be added for delimiters.
   *
   * @param commands command parts, including any space delimiters
   */
  public static void checkWindowsCommandLineLength(String...commands)
      throws IOException {
    int len = 0;
    for (String s: commands) {
      len += s.length();
    }
    if (len > WINDOWS_MAX_SHELL_LENGHT) {
      throw new IOException(String.format(
          "The command line has a length of %d exceeds maximum allowed length of %d. " +
          "Command starts with: %s",
          len, WINDOWS_MAX_SHELL_LENGHT,
          StringUtils.join("", commands).substring(0, 100)));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Quote the given arg so that bash will interpret it as a single value.
   * Note that this quotes it for one level of bash, if you are passing it
   * into a badly written shell script, you need to fix your shell script.
   * @param arg the argument to quote
   * @return the quoted string
   */
  static String bashQuote(String arg) {
    StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(arg.length() + 2);
    buffer.append('\'');
    buffer.append(arg.replace("'", "'\\''"));
    buffer.append('\'');
    return buffer.toString();
  }

  /** a Unix command to get the current user's name: {@value}. */
  public static final String USER_NAME_COMMAND = "whoami";

  /** Windows CreateProcess synchronization object */
  public static final Object WindowsProcessLaunchLock = new Object();

  // OSType detection

  public enum OSType {
    OS_TYPE_LINUX,
    OS_TYPE_WIN,
    OS_TYPE_SOLARIS,
    OS_TYPE_MAC,
    OS_TYPE_FREEBSD,
    OS_TYPE_OTHER
  }

  public static final OSType osType = getOSType();

  static private OSType getOSType() {
    String osName = System.getProperty("os.name");
    if (osName.startsWith("Windows")) {
      return OSType.OS_TYPE_WIN;
    } else if (osName.contains("SunOS") || osName.contains("Solaris")) {
      return OSType.OS_TYPE_SOLARIS;
    } else if (osName.contains("Mac")) {
      return OSType.OS_TYPE_MAC;
    } else if (osName.contains("FreeBSD")) {
      return OSType.OS_TYPE_FREEBSD;
    } else if (osName.startsWith("Linux")) {
      return OSType.OS_TYPE_LINUX;
    } else {
      // Some other form of Unix
      return OSType.OS_TYPE_OTHER;
    }
  }

  // Helper static vars for each platform
  public static final boolean WINDOWS = (osType == OSType.OS_TYPE_WIN);
  public static final boolean SOLARIS = (osType == OSType.OS_TYPE_SOLARIS);
  public static final boolean MAC     = (osType == OSType.OS_TYPE_MAC);
  public static final boolean FREEBSD = (osType == OSType.OS_TYPE_FREEBSD);
  public static final boolean LINUX   = (osType == OSType.OS_TYPE_LINUX);
  public static final boolean OTHER   = (osType == OSType.OS_TYPE_OTHER);

  public static final boolean PPC_64
                = System.getProperties().getProperty("os.arch").contains("ppc64");

  /** a Unix command to get the current user's groups list */
  public static String[] getGroupsCommand() {
    return (WINDOWS)? new String[]{"cmd", "/c", "groups"}
                    : new String[]{"groups"};
  }

  /**
   * a Unix command to get a given user's groups list.
   * If the OS is not WINDOWS, the command will get the user's primary group
   * first and finally get the groups list which includes the primary group.
   * i.e. the user's primary group will be included twice.
   */
  public static String[] getGroupsForUserCommand(final String user) {
    //'groups username' command return is inconsistent across different unixes
    if (WINDOWS) {
      return new String[]
          {getWinUtilsPath(), "groups", "-F", "\"" + user + "\""};
    } else {
      String quotedUser = bashQuote(user);
      return new String[] {"bash", "-c", "id -gn " + quotedUser +
                            "; id -Gn " + quotedUser};
    }
  }

  /** a Unix command to get a given netgroup's user list */
  public static String[] getUsersForNetgroupCommand(final String netgroup) {
    //'groups username' command return is non-consistent across different unixes
    return new String[] {"getent", "netgroup", netgroup};
  }

  /** Return a command to get permission information. */
  public static String[] getGetPermissionCommand() {
    return (WINDOWS) ? new String[] { WINUTILS, "ls", "-F" }
                     : new String[] { "/bin/ls", "-ld" };
  }

  /** Return a command to set permission */
  public static String[] getSetPermissionCommand(String perm, boolean recursive) {
    if (recursive) {
      return (WINDOWS) ? new String[] { WINUTILS, "chmod", "-R", perm }
                         : new String[] { "chmod", "-R", perm };
    } else {
      return (WINDOWS) ? new String[] { WINUTILS, "chmod", perm }
                       : new String[] { "chmod", perm };
    }
  }

  /**
   * Return a command to set permission for specific file.
   * 
   * @param perm String permission to set
   * @param recursive boolean true to apply to all sub-directories recursively
   * @param file String file to set
   * @return String[] containing command and arguments
   */
  public static String[] getSetPermissionCommand(String perm, boolean recursive,
                                                 String file) {
    String[] baseCmd = getSetPermissionCommand(perm, recursive);
    String[] cmdWithFile = Arrays.copyOf(baseCmd, baseCmd.length + 1);
    cmdWithFile[cmdWithFile.length - 1] = file;
    return cmdWithFile;
  }

  /** Return a command to set owner */
  public static String[] getSetOwnerCommand(String owner) {
    return (WINDOWS) ? new String[] { WINUTILS, "chown", "\"" + owner + "\"" }
                     : new String[] { "chown", owner };
  }
  
  /** Return a command to create symbolic links */
  public static String[] getSymlinkCommand(String target, String link) {
    return WINDOWS ? new String[] { WINUTILS, "symlink", link, target }
                   : new String[] { "ln", "-s", target, link };
  }

  /** Return a command to read the target of the a symbolic link*/
  public static String[] getReadlinkCommand(String link) {
    return WINDOWS ? new String[] { WINUTILS, "readlink", link }
        : new String[] { "readlink", link };
  }

  /** Return a command for determining if process with specified pid is alive. */
  public static String[] getCheckProcessIsAliveCommand(String pid) {
    return Shell.WINDOWS ?
      new String[] { Shell.WINUTILS, "task", "isAlive", pid } :
      new String[] { "kill", "-0", isSetsidAvailable ? "-" + pid : pid };
  }

  /** Return a command to send a signal to a given pid */
  public static String[] getSignalKillCommand(int code, String pid) {
    return Shell.WINDOWS ? new String[] { Shell.WINUTILS, "task", "kill", pid } :
      new String[] { "kill", "-" + code, isSetsidAvailable ? "-" + pid : pid };
  }

  /** Return a regular expression string that match environment variables */
  public static String getEnvironmentVariableRegex() {
    return (WINDOWS) ? "%([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*?)%" :
      "\\$([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)";
  }
  
  /**
   * Returns a File referencing a script with the given basename, inside the
   * given parent directory.  The file extension is inferred by platform: ".cmd"
   * on Windows, or ".sh" otherwise.
   * 
   * @param parent File parent directory
   * @param basename String script file basename
   * @return File referencing the script in the directory
   */
  public static File appendScriptExtension(File parent, String basename) {
    return new File(parent, appendScriptExtension(basename));
  }

  /**
   * Returns a script file name with the given basename.  The file extension is
   * inferred by platform: ".cmd" on Windows, or ".sh" otherwise.
   * 
   * @param basename String script file basename
   * @return String script file name
   */
  public static String appendScriptExtension(String basename) {
    return basename + (WINDOWS ? ".cmd" : ".sh");
  }

  /**
   * Returns a command to run the given script.  The script interpreter is
   * inferred by platform: cmd on Windows or bash otherwise.
   * 
   * @param script File script to run
   * @return String[] command to run the script
   */
  public static String[] getRunScriptCommand(File script) {
    String absolutePath = script.getAbsolutePath();
    return WINDOWS ?
      new String[] {"cmd", "/c", absolutePath }
      : new String[] {"/bin/bash", bashQuote(absolutePath) };
  }

  /** a Unix command to set permission */
  public static final String SET_PERMISSION_COMMAND = "chmod";
  /** a Unix command to set owner */
  public static final String SET_OWNER_COMMAND = "chown";

  /** a Unix command to set the change user's groups list */
  public static final String SET_GROUP_COMMAND = "chgrp";
  /** a Unix command to create a link */
  public static final String LINK_COMMAND = "ln";
  /** a Unix command to get a link target */
  public static final String READ_LINK_COMMAND = "readlink";

  /**Time after which the executing script would be timedout*/
  protected long timeOutInterval = 0L;
  /** If or not script timed out*/
  private AtomicBoolean timedOut;

  /** Indicates if the parent env vars should be inherited or not*/
  protected boolean inheritParentEnv = true;

  /** Centralized logic to discover and validate the sanity of the Hadoop 
   *  home directory. Returns either NULL or a directory that exists and 
   *  was specified via either -Dhadoop.home.dir or the HADOOP_HOME ENV 
   *  variable.  This does a lot of work so it should only be called 
   *  privately for initialization once per process.
   **/
  private static String checkHadoopHome() {

    // first check the Dflag hadoop.home.dir with JVM scope
    String home = System.getProperty("hadoop.home.dir");

    // fall back to the system/user-global env variable
    if (home == null) {
      home = System.getenv("HADOOP_HOME");
    }

    try {
       // couldn't find either setting for hadoop's home directory
       if (home == null) {
         throw new IOException("HADOOP_HOME or hadoop.home.dir are not set.");
       }

       if (home.startsWith("\"") && home.endsWith("\"")) {
         home = home.substring(1, home.length()-1);
       }

       // check that the home setting is actually a directory that exists
       File homedir = new File(home);
       if (!homedir.isAbsolute() || !homedir.exists() || !homedir.isDirectory()) {
         throw new IOException("Hadoop home directory " + homedir
           + " does not exist, is not a directory, or is not an absolute path.");
       }

       home = homedir.getCanonicalPath();

    } catch (IOException ioe) {
      if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
        LOG.debug("Failed to detect a valid hadoop home directory", ioe);
      }
      home = null;
    }
    
    return home;
  }
  private static String HADOOP_HOME_DIR = checkHadoopHome();

  // Public getter, throws an exception if HADOOP_HOME failed validation
  // checks and is being referenced downstream.
  public static final String getHadoopHome() throws IOException {
    if (HADOOP_HOME_DIR == null) {
      throw new IOException("Misconfigured HADOOP_HOME cannot be referenced.");
    }

    return HADOOP_HOME_DIR;
  }

  /** fully qualify the path to a binary that should be in a known hadoop 
   *  bin location. This is primarily useful for disambiguating call-outs 
   *  to executable sub-components of Hadoop to avoid clashes with other 
   *  executables that may be in the path.  Caveat:  this call doesn't 
   *  just format the path to the bin directory.  It also checks for file 
   *  existence of the composed path. The output of this call should be 
   *  cached by callers.
   * */
  public static final String getQualifiedBinPath(String executable) 
  throws IOException {
    // construct hadoop bin path to the specified executable
    String fullExeName = HADOOP_HOME_DIR + File.separator + "bin" 
      + File.separator + executable;

    File exeFile = new File(fullExeName);
    if (!exeFile.exists()) {
      throw new IOException("Could not locate executable " + fullExeName
        + " in the Hadoop binaries.");
    }

    return exeFile.getCanonicalPath();
  }

  /** a Windows utility to emulate Unix commands */
  public static final String WINUTILS = getWinUtilsPath();

  public static final String getWinUtilsPath() {
    String winUtilsPath = null;

    try {
      if (WINDOWS) {
        winUtilsPath = getQualifiedBinPath("winutils.exe");
      }
    } catch (IOException ioe) {
       LOG.error("Failed to locate the winutils binary in the hadoop binary path",
         ioe);
    }

    return winUtilsPath;
  }

  public static final boolean isSetsidAvailable = isSetsidSupported();
  private static boolean isSetsidSupported() {
    if (Shell.WINDOWS) {
      return false;
    }
    ShellCommandExecutor shexec = null;
    boolean setsidSupported = true;
    try {
      String[] args = {"setsid", "bash", "-c", "echo $$"};
      shexec = new ShellCommandExecutor(args);
      shexec.execute();
    } catch (IOException ioe) {
      LOG.debug("setsid is not available on this machine. So not using it.");
      setsidSupported = false;
    } finally { // handle the exit code
      if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
        LOG.debug("setsid exited with exit code "
                 + (shexec != null ? shexec.getExitCode() : "(null executor)"));
      }
    }
    return setsidSupported;
  }

  /** Token separator regex used to parse Shell tool outputs */
  public static final String TOKEN_SEPARATOR_REGEX
                = WINDOWS ? "[|\n\r]" : "[ \t\n\r\f]";

  private long    interval;   // refresh interval in msec
  private long    lastTime;   // last time the command was performed
  final private boolean redirectErrorStream; // merge stdout and stderr
  private Map<String, String> environment; // env for the command execution
  private File dir;
  private Process process; // sub process used to execute the command
  private int exitCode;

  /**If or not script finished executing*/
  private volatile AtomicBoolean completed;
  
  public Shell() {
    this(0L);
  }
  
  public Shell(long interval) {
    this(interval, false);
  }

  /**
   * @param interval the minimum duration to wait before re-executing the 
   *        command.
   */
  public Shell(long interval, boolean redirectErrorStream) {
    this.interval = interval;
    this.lastTime = (interval<0) ? 0 : -interval;
    this.redirectErrorStream = redirectErrorStream;
  }
  
  /** set the environment for the command 
   * @param env Mapping of environment variables
   */
  protected void setEnvironment(Map<String, String> env) {
    this.environment = env;
  }

  /** set the working directory 
   * @param dir The directory where the command would be executed
   */
  protected void setWorkingDirectory(File dir) {
    this.dir = dir;
  }

  /** check to see if a command needs to be executed and execute if needed */
  protected void run() throws IOException {
    if (lastTime + interval > Time.monotonicNow())
      return;
    exitCode = 0; // reset for next run
    runCommand();
  }

  /** Run a command */
  private void runCommand() throws IOException { 
    ProcessBuilder builder = new ProcessBuilder(getExecString());
    Timer timeOutTimer = null;
    ShellTimeoutTimerTask timeoutTimerTask = null;
    timedOut = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    completed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    
    if (environment != null) {
      builder.environment().putAll(this.environment);
    }

    // Remove all env vars from the Builder to prevent leaking of env vars from
    // the parent process.
    if (!inheritParentEnv) {
      // branch-2: Only do this for HADOOP_CREDSTORE_PASSWORD
      // Sometimes daemons are configured to use the CredentialProvider feature
      // and given their jceks password via an environment variable.  We need to
      // make sure to remove it so it doesn't leak to child processes, which
      // might be owned by a different user.  For example, the NodeManager
      // running a User's container.
      builder.environment().remove(
          AbstractJavaKeyStoreProvider.CREDENTIAL_PASSWORD_NAME);
    }

    if (dir != null) {
      builder.directory(this.dir);
    }

    builder.redirectErrorStream(redirectErrorStream);
    
    if (Shell.WINDOWS) {
      synchronized (WindowsProcessLaunchLock) {
        // To workaround the race condition issue with child processes
        // inheriting unintended handles during process launch that can
        // lead to hangs on reading output and error streams, we
        // serialize process creation. More info available at:
        // http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315939
        process = builder.start();
      }
    } else {
      process = builder.start();
    }

    if (timeOutInterval > 0) {
      timeOutTimer = new Timer("Shell command timeout");
      timeoutTimerTask = new ShellTimeoutTimerTask(
          this);
      //One time scheduling.
      timeOutTimer.schedule(timeoutTimerTask, timeOutInterval);
    }
    final BufferedReader errReader = 
            new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                process.getErrorStream(), Charset.defaultCharset()));
    BufferedReader inReader = 
            new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                process.getInputStream(), Charset.defaultCharset()));
    final StringBuffer errMsg = new StringBuffer();
    
    // read error and input streams as this would free up the buffers
    // free the error stream buffer
    Thread errThread = new Thread() {
      @Override
      public void run() {
        try {
          String line = errReader.readLine();
          while((line != null) && !isInterrupted()) {
            errMsg.append(line);
            errMsg.append(System.getProperty("line.separator"));
            line = errReader.readLine();
          }
        } catch(IOException ioe) {
          LOG.warn("Error reading the error stream", ioe);
        }
      }
    };
    try {
      errThread.start();
    } catch (IllegalStateException ise) {
    } catch (OutOfMemoryError oe) {
      LOG.error("Caught " + oe + ". One possible reason is that ulimit"
          + " setting of 'max user processes' is too low. If so, do"
          + " 'ulimit -u <largerNum>' and try again.");
      throw oe;
    }
    try {
      parseExecResult(inReader); // parse the output
      // clear the input stream buffer
      String line = inReader.readLine();
      while(line != null) { 
        line = inReader.readLine();
      }
      // wait for the process to finish and check the exit code
      exitCode  = process.waitFor();
      // make sure that the error thread exits
      joinThread(errThread);
      completed.set(true);
      //the timeout thread handling
      //taken care in finally block
      if (exitCode != 0) {
        throw new ExitCodeException(exitCode, errMsg.toString());
      }
    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
      throw new IOException(ie.toString());
    } finally {
      if (timeOutTimer != null) {
        timeOutTimer.cancel();
      }
      // close the input stream
      try {
        // JDK 7 tries to automatically drain the input streams for us
        // when the process exits, but since close is not synchronized,
        // it creates a race if we close the stream first and the same
        // fd is recycled.  the stream draining thread will attempt to
        // drain that fd!!  it may block, OOM, or cause bizarre behavior
        // see: https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8024521
        //      issue is fixed in build 7u60
        InputStream stdout = process.getInputStream();
        synchronized (stdout) {
          inReader.close();
        }
      } catch (IOException ioe) {
        LOG.warn("Error while closing the input stream", ioe);
      }
      if (!completed.get()) {
        errThread.interrupt();
        joinThread(errThread);
      }
      try {
        InputStream stderr = process.getErrorStream();
        synchronized (stderr) {
          errReader.close();
        }
      } catch (IOException ioe) {
        LOG.warn("Error while closing the error stream", ioe);
      }
      process.destroy();
      lastTime = Time.monotonicNow();
    }
  }

  private static void joinThread(Thread t) {
    while (t.isAlive()) {
      try {
        t.join();
      } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
        if (LOG.isWarnEnabled()) {
          LOG.warn("Interrupted while joining on: " + t, ie);
        }
        t.interrupt(); // propagate interrupt
      }
    }
  }

  /** return an array containing the command name & its parameters */ 
  protected abstract String[] getExecString();
  
  /** Parse the execution result */
  protected abstract void parseExecResult(BufferedReader lines)
  throws IOException;

  /** 
   * Get the environment variable
   */
  public String getEnvironment(String env) {
    return environment.get(env);
  }
  
  /** get the current sub-process executing the given command 
   * @return process executing the command
   */
  public Process getProcess() {
    return process;
  }

  /** get the exit code 
   * @return the exit code of the process
   */
  public int getExitCode() {
    return exitCode;
  }

  /**
   * This is an IOException with exit code added.
   */
  public static class ExitCodeException extends IOException {
    private final int exitCode;
    
    public ExitCodeException(int exitCode, String message) {
      super(message);
      this.exitCode = exitCode;
    }
    
    public int getExitCode() {
      return exitCode;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      final StringBuilder sb =
          new StringBuilder("ExitCodeException ");
      sb.append("exitCode=").append(exitCode)
        .append(": ");
      sb.append(super.getMessage());
      return sb.toString();
    }
  }
  
  public interface CommandExecutor {

    void execute() throws IOException;

    int getExitCode() throws IOException;

    String getOutput() throws IOException;

    void close();
    
  }
  
  /**
   * A simple shell command executor.
   * 
   * <code>ShellCommandExecutor</code>should be used in cases where the output 
   * of the command needs no explicit parsing and where the command, working 
   * directory and the environment remains unchanged. The output of the command 
   * is stored as-is and is expected to be small.
   */
  public static class ShellCommandExecutor extends Shell 
      implements CommandExecutor {
    
    private String[] command;
    private StringBuffer output;
    
    
    public ShellCommandExecutor(String[] execString) {
      this(execString, null);
    }
    
    public ShellCommandExecutor(String[] execString, File dir) {
      this(execString, dir, null);
    }
   
    public ShellCommandExecutor(String[] execString, File dir, 
                                 Map<String, String> env) {
      this(execString, dir, env , 0L);
    }

    public ShellCommandExecutor(String[] execString, File dir,
                                Map<String, String> env, long timeout) {
      this(execString, dir, env , timeout, true);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new instance of the ShellCommandExecutor to execute a command.
     * 
     * @param execString The command to execute with arguments
     * @param dir If not-null, specifies the directory which should be set
     *            as the current working directory for the command.
     *            If null, the current working directory is not modified.
     * @param env If not-null, environment of the command will include the
     *            key-value pairs specified in the map. If null, the current
     *            environment is not modified.
     * @param timeout Specifies the time in milliseconds, after which the
     *                command will be killed and the status marked as timedout.
     *                If 0, the command will not be timed out.
     * @param inheritParentEnv Indicates if the process should inherit the env
     *                         vars from the parent process or not.
     */
    public ShellCommandExecutor(String[] execString, File dir, 
        Map<String, String> env, long timeout, boolean inheritParentEnv) {
      command = execString.clone();
      if (dir != null) {
        setWorkingDirectory(dir);
      }
      if (env != null) {
        setEnvironment(env);
      }
      timeOutInterval = timeout;
      this.inheritParentEnv = inheritParentEnv;
    }
        

    /** Execute the shell command. */
    public void execute() throws IOException {
      for (String s : command) {
        if (s == null) {
          throw new IOException("(null) entry in command string: "
              + StringUtils.join(" ", command));
        }
      }
      this.run();
    }

    @Override
    public String[] getExecString() {
      return command;
    }

    @Override
    protected void parseExecResult(BufferedReader lines) throws IOException {
      output = new StringBuffer();
      char[] buf = new char[512];
      int nRead;
      while ( (nRead = lines.read(buf, 0, buf.length)) > 0 ) {
        output.append(buf, 0, nRead);
      }
    }
    
    /** Get the output of the shell command.*/
    public String getOutput() {
      return (output == null) ? "" : output.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the commands of this instance.
     * Arguments with spaces in are presented with quotes round; other
     * arguments are presented raw
     *
     * @return a string representation of the object.
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
      StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
      String[] args = getExecString();
      for (String s : args) {
        if (s.indexOf(' ') >= 0) {
          builder.append('"').append(s).append('"');
        } else {
          builder.append(s);
        }
        builder.append(' ');
      }
      return builder.toString();
    }

    @Override
    public void close() {
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * To check if the passed script to shell command executor timed out or
   * not.
   * 
   * @return if the script timed out.
   */
  public boolean isTimedOut() {
    return timedOut.get();
  }
  
  /**
   * Set if the command has timed out.
   * 
   */
  private void setTimedOut() {
    this.timedOut.set(true);
  }
  
  /** 
   * Static method to execute a shell command. 
   * Covers most of the simple cases without requiring the user to implement  
   * the <code>Shell</code> interface.
   * @param cmd shell command to execute.
   * @return the output of the executed command.
   */
  public static String execCommand(String ... cmd) throws IOException {
    return execCommand(null, cmd, 0L);
  }
  
  /** 
   * Static method to execute a shell command. 
   * Covers most of the simple cases without requiring the user to implement  
   * the <code>Shell</code> interface.
   * @param env the map of environment key=value
   * @param cmd shell command to execute.
   * @param timeout time in milliseconds after which script should be marked timeout
   * @return the output of the executed command.o
   */
  
  public static String execCommand(Map<String, String> env, String[] cmd,
      long timeout) throws IOException {
    ShellCommandExecutor exec = new ShellCommandExecutor(cmd, null, env, 
                                                          timeout);
    exec.execute();
    return exec.getOutput();
  }

  /** 
   * Static method to execute a shell command. 
   * Covers most of the simple cases without requiring the user to implement  
   * the <code>Shell</code> interface.
   * @param env the map of environment key=value
   * @param cmd shell command to execute.
   * @return the output of the executed command.
   */
  public static String execCommand(Map<String,String> env, String ... cmd) 
  throws IOException {
    return execCommand(env, cmd, 0L);
  }
  
  /**
   * Timer which is used to timeout scripts spawned off by shell.
   */
  private static class ShellTimeoutTimerTask extends TimerTask {

    private Shell shell;

    public ShellTimeoutTimerTask(Shell shell) {
      this.shell = shell;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
      Process p = shell.getProcess();
      try {
        p.exitValue();
      } catch (Exception e) {
        //Process has not terminated.
        //So check if it has completed 
        //if not just destroy it.
        if (p != null && !shell.completed.get()) {
          shell.setTimedOut();
          p.destroy();
        }
      }
    }
  }
}