Standard accessor task that iterates over the elements of the collection.
Performs two tasks in parallel, and waits for both to finish.
Parallel iterators are split iterators that have additional accessor and
transformer methods defined in terms of methods next and hasNext.
Sequentially performs one task after another.
A stackable modification that ensures signal contexts get passed along the iterators.
The size of this general iterable collection .
The size of this general iterable collection .
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
the number of elements in this general iterable collection .
Creates a new parallel iterator used to traverse the elements of this parallel collection.
Creates a new parallel iterator used to traverse the elements of this parallel collection.
This iterator is more specific than the iterator of the returned by iterator, and augmented
with additional accessor and transformer methods.
a parallel iterator
Defines the prefix of this object's toString representation.
Defines the prefix of this object's toString representation.
a string representation which starts the result of toString
applied to this general iterable collection
. By default the string prefix is the
simple name of the collection class general iterable collection
.
Test two objects for inequality.
Test two objects for inequality.
true if !(this == that), false otherwise.
Equivalent to x.hashCode except for boxed numeric types and null.
Equivalent to x.hashCode except for boxed numeric types and null.
For numerics, it returns a hash value which is consistent
with value equality: if two value type instances compare
as true, then ## will produce the same hash value for each
of them.
For null returns a hashcode where null.hashCode throws a
NullPointerException.
a hash value consistent with ==
[use case]
the element type of the returned collection.
the traversable to append.
a new collection of type That which contains all elements
of this general iterable collection
followed by all elements of that.
Applies a binary operator to a start value and all elements of this general iterable collection , going left to right.
Applies a binary operator to a start value and all elements of this general iterable collection , going left to right.
Note: /: is alternate syntax for foldLeft; z /: xs is the same as
xs foldLeft z.
Examples:
Note that the folding function used to compute b is equivalent to that used to compute c.
scala> val a = LinkedList(1,2,3,4)
a: scala.collection.mutable.LinkedList[Int] = LinkedList(1, 2, 3, 4)
scala> val b = (5 /: a)(_+_)
b: Int = 15
scala> val c = (5 /: a)((x,y) => x + y)
c: Int = 15
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered. or the operator is associative and commutative.
the start value.
the binary operator.
the result of inserting op between consecutive elements of this general iterable collection
,
going left to right with the start value z on the left:
op(...op(op(z, x1), x2), ..., xn)
where x1, ..., xn are the elements of this general iterable collection
.
A syntactic sugar for out of order folding.
A syntactic sugar for out of order folding. See fold.
Example:
scala> val a = LinkedList(1,2,3,4)
a: scala.collection.mutable.LinkedList[Int] = LinkedList(1, 2, 3, 4)
scala> val b = (a /:\ 5)(_+_)
b: Int = 15
Applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection and a start value, going right to left.
Applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection and a start value, going right to left.
Note: :\ is alternate syntax for foldRight; xs :\ z is the same as
xs foldRight z.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered. or the operator is associative and commutative.
Examples:
Note that the folding function used to compute b is equivalent to that used to compute c.
scala> val a = LinkedList(1,2,3,4)
a: scala.collection.mutable.LinkedList[Int] = LinkedList(1, 2, 3, 4)
scala> val b = (a :\ 5)(_+_)
b: Int = 15
scala> val c = (a :\ 5)((x,y) => x + y)
c: Int = 15
the start value
the binary operator
the result of inserting op between consecutive elements of this general iterable collection
,
going right to left with the start value z on the right:
op(x1, op(x2, ... op(xn, z)...))
where x1, ..., xn are the elements of this general iterable collection
.
Test two objects for equality.
Test two objects for equality.
The expression x == that is equivalent to if (x eq null) that eq null else x.equals(that).
true if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false otherwise.
Aggregates the results of applying an operator to subsequent elements.
Aggregates the results of applying an operator to subsequent elements.
This is a more general form of fold and reduce. It has similar semantics, but does
not require the result to be a supertype of the element type. It traverses the elements in
different partitions sequentially, using seqop to update the result, and then
applies combop to results from different partitions. The implementation of this
operation may operate on an arbitrary number of collection partitions, so combop
may be invoked arbitrary number of times.
For example, one might want to process some elements and then produce a Set. In this
case, seqop would process an element and append it to the list, while combop
would concatenate two lists from different partitions together. The initial value
z would be an empty set.
pc.aggregate(Set[Int]())(_ += process(_), _ ++ _)
Another example is calculating geometric mean from a collection of doubles (one would typically require big doubles for this).
the type of accumulated results
the initial value for the accumulated result of the partition - this
will typically be the neutral element for the seqop operator (e.g.
Nil for list concatenation or 0 for summation)
an operator used to accumulate results within a partition
an associative operator used to combine results from different partitions
Cast the receiver object to be of type T0.
Cast the receiver object to be of type T0.
Note that the success of a cast at runtime is modulo Scala's erasure semantics.
Therefore the expression 1.asInstanceOf[String] will throw a ClassCastException at
runtime, while the expression List(1).asInstanceOf[List[String]] will not.
In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as part of compilation it is
not possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the requested type.
the receiver object.
if the receiver object is not an instance of the erasure of type T0.
Create a copy of the receiver object.
[use case]
the element type of the returned collection.
the partial function which filters and maps the general iterable collection .
a new collection of type That resulting from applying the partial function
pf to each element on which it is defined and collecting the results.
The order of the elements is preserved.
[use case]
the array to fill.
the starting index.
[use case]
the array to fill.
Counts the number of elements in the general iterable collection which satisfy a predicate.
Counts the number of elements in the general iterable collection which satisfy a predicate.
the predicate used to test elements.
the number of elements satisfying the predicate p.
Selects all elements except first n ones.
Selects all elements except first n ones.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.
the number of elements to drop from this general iterable collection .
a general iterable collection
consisting of all elements of this general iterable collection
except the first n ones, or else the
empty general iterable collection
, if this general iterable collection
has less than n elements.
Drops all elements in the longest prefix of elements that satisfy the predicate, and returns a collection composed of the remaining elements.
Drops all elements in the longest prefix of elements that satisfy the predicate, and returns a collection composed of the remaining elements.
This method will use indexFlag signalling capabilities. This means
that splitters may set and read the indexFlag state.
The index flag is initially set to maximum integer value.
the predicate used to test the elements
a collection composed of all the elements after the longest prefix of elements
in this general iterable collection
that satisfy the predicate pred
Tests whether the argument (arg0) is a reference to the receiver object (this).
Tests whether the argument (arg0) is a reference to the receiver object (this).
The eq method implements an equivalence relation on
non-null instances of AnyRef, and has three additional properties:
x and y of type AnyRef, multiple invocations of
x.eq(y) consistently returns true or consistently returns false.x of type AnyRef, x.eq(null) and null.eq(x) returns false.null.eq(null) returns true. When overriding the equals or hashCode methods, it is important to ensure that their behavior is
consistent with reference equality. Therefore, if two objects are references to each other (o1 eq o2), they
should be equal to each other (o1 == o2) and they should hash to the same value (o1.hashCode == o2.hashCode).
true if the argument is a reference to the receiver object; false otherwise.
The equality method for reference types.
Tests whether a predicate holds for some element of this general iterable collection .
Tests whether a predicate holds for some element of this general iterable collection .
This method will use abort signalling capabilities. This means
that splitters may send and read abort signals.
true if p holds for some element, false otherwise
Selects all elements of this general iterable collection which satisfy a predicate.
Selects all elements of this general iterable collection which satisfy a predicate.
a new general iterable collection
consisting of all elements of this general iterable collection
that satisfy the given
predicate p. Their order may not be preserved.
Selects all elements of this general iterable collection which do not satisfy a predicate.
Selects all elements of this general iterable collection which do not satisfy a predicate.
a new general iterable collection
consisting of all elements of this general iterable collection
that do not satisfy the given
predicate p. Their order may not be preserved.
Called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when there are no more references to the object.
Called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when there are no more references to the object.
The details of when and if the finalize method is invoked, as
well as the interaction between finalize and non-local returns
and exceptions, are all platform dependent.
Finds some element in the collection for which the predicate holds, if such an element exists.
Finds some element in the collection for which the predicate holds, if such an element exists. The element may not necessarily be the first such element in the iteration order.
If there are multiple elements obeying the predicate, the choice is nondeterministic.
This method will use abort signalling capabilities. This means
that splitters may send and read abort signals.
an option value with the element if such an element exists, or None otherwise
[use case]
the element type of the returned collection.
the function to apply to each element.
a new collection of type That resulting from applying the given collection-valued function
f to each element of this general iterable collection
and concatenating the results.
Folds the elements of this sequence using the specified associative binary operator.
Folds the elements of this sequence using the specified associative binary operator. The order in which the elements are reduced is unspecified and may be nondeterministic.
Note this method has a different signature than the foldLeft
and foldRight methods of the trait Traversable.
The result of folding may only be a supertype of this parallel collection's
type parameter T.
a type parameter for the binary operator, a supertype of T.
a neutral element for the fold operation, it may be added to the result
an arbitrary number of times, not changing the result (e.g. Nil for list concatenation,
0 for addition, or 1 for multiplication)
a binary operator that must be associative
the result of applying fold operator op between all the elements and z
Applies a binary operator to a start value and all elements of this general iterable collection , going left to right.
Applies a binary operator to a start value and all elements of this general iterable collection , going left to right.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered. or the operator is associative and commutative.
the start value.
the binary operator.
the result of inserting op between consecutive elements of this general iterable collection
,
going left to right with the start value z on the left:
op(...op(z, x1), x2, ..., xn)
where x1, ..., xn are the elements of this general iterable collection
.
Applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection and a start value, going right to left.
Applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection and a start value, going right to left.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered. or the operator is associative and commutative.
the start value.
the binary operator.
the result of inserting op between consecutive elements of this general iterable collection
,
going right to left with the start value z on the right:
op(x1, op(x2, ... op(xn, z)...))
where x1, ..., xn are the elements of this general iterable collection
.
Tests whether a predicate holds for all elements of this general iterable collection .
Tests whether a predicate holds for all elements of this general iterable collection .
This method will use abort signalling capabilities. This means
that splitters may send and read abort signals.
true if p holds for all elements, false otherwise
Applies a function f to all the elements of general iterable collection
in a sequential order.
Applies a function f to all the elements of general iterable collection
in a sequential order.
the result type of the function applied to each element, which is always discarded
function applied to each element
A representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.
A representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.
The nature of the representation is platform dependent.
a representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.
not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef
Partitions this general iterable collection into a map of general iterable collection s according to some discriminator function.
Partitions this general iterable collection into a map of general iterable collection s according to some discriminator function.
Note: this method is not re-implemented by views. This means when applied to a view it will always force the view and return a new general iterable collection .
the type of keys returned by the discriminator function.
the discriminator function.
A map from keys to general iterable collection s such that the following invariant holds:
(xs partition f)(k) = xs filter (x => f(x) == k)
That is, every key k is bound to a general iterable collection
of those elements x
for which f(x) equals k.
The hashCode method for reference types.
Tests whether the general iterable collection is empty.
Tests whether the general iterable collection is empty.
true if the general iterable collection
contains no elements, false otherwise.
Test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object is T0.
Test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object is T0.
Note that the result of the test is modulo Scala's erasure semantics.
Therefore the expression 1.isInstanceOf[String] will return false, while the
expression List(1).isInstanceOf[List[String]] will return true.
In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as part of compilation it is
not possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the specified type.
true if the receiver object is an instance of erasure of type T0; false otherwise.
Denotes whether this parallel collection has strict splitters.
Denotes whether this parallel collection has strict splitters.
This is true in general, and specific collection instances may choose to
override this method. Such collections will fail to execute methods
which rely on splitters being strict, i.e. returning a correct value
in the remaining method.
This method helps ensure that such failures occur on method invocations, rather than later on and in unpredictable ways.
Tests whether this general iterable collection can be repeatedly traversed.
Tests whether this general iterable collection can be repeatedly traversed.
true
Creates a new split iterator used to traverse the elements of this collection.
Creates a new split iterator used to traverse the elements of this collection.
By default, this method is implemented in terms of the protected splitter method.
a split iterator
[use case]
the element type of the returned collection.
the function to apply to each element.
a new collection of type That resulting from applying the given function
f to each element of this general iterable collection
and collecting the results.
[use case]
the largest element of this general iterable collection
with respect to the ordering cmp.
[use case]
the smallest element of this general iterable collection
with respect to the ordering cmp.
Displays all elements of this general iterable collection in a string.
Displays all elements of this general iterable collection in a string.
a string representation of this general iterable collection
. In the resulting string
the string representations (w.r.t. the method toString)
of all elements of this general iterable collection
follow each other without any
separator string.
Displays all elements of this general iterable collection in a string using a separator string.
Displays all elements of this general iterable collection in a string using a separator string.
the separator string.
a string representation of this general iterable collection
. In the resulting string
the string representations (w.r.t. the method toString)
of all elements of this general iterable collection
are separated by the string sep.
List(1, 2, 3).mkString("|") = "1|2|3"
Displays all elements of this general iterable collection in a string using start, end, and separator strings.
Displays all elements of this general iterable collection in a string using start, end, and separator strings.
the starting string.
the separator string.
the ending string.
a string representation of this general iterable collection
. The resulting string
begins with the string start and ends with the string
end. Inside, the string representations (w.r.t. the method
toString) of all elements of this general iterable collection
are separated by
the string sep.
List(1, 2, 3).mkString("(", "; ", ")") = "(1; 2; 3)"
Equivalent to !(this eq that).
Equivalent to !(this eq that).
true if the argument is not a reference to the receiver object; false otherwise.
Tests whether the general iterable collection is not empty.
Tests whether the general iterable collection is not empty.
true if the general iterable collection
contains at least one element, false otherwise.
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef
Returns a parallel implementation of this collection.
Returns a parallel implementation of this collection.
For most collection types, this method creates a new parallel collection by copying
all the elements. For these collection, par takes linear time. Mutable collections
in this category do not produce a mutable parallel collection that has the same
underlying dataset, so changes in one collection will not be reflected in the other one.
Specific collections (e.g. ParArray or mutable.ParHashMap) override this default
behaviour by creating a parallel collection which shares the same underlying dataset.
For these collections, par takes constant or sublinear time.
All parallel collections return a reference to themselves.
a parallel implementation of this collection
The default par implementation uses the combiner provided by this method
to create a new parallel collection.
The default par implementation uses the combiner provided by this method
to create a new parallel collection.
a combiner for the parallel collection of type ParRepr
Partitions this general iterable collection in two general iterable collection s according to a predicate.
Partitions this general iterable collection in two general iterable collection s according to a predicate.
a pair of general iterable collection
s: the first general iterable collection
consists of all elements that
satisfy the predicate p and the second general iterable collection
consists of all elements
that don't. The relative order of the elements in the resulting general iterable collection
s
may not be preserved.
[use case]
the product of all elements of this general iterable collection
with respect to the * operator in num.
Reduces the elements of this sequence using the specified associative binary operator.
Reduces the elements of this sequence using the specified associative binary operator.
The order in which operations are performed on elements is unspecified and may be nondeterministic.
Note this method has a different signature than the reduceLeft
and reduceRight methods of the trait Traversable.
The result of reducing may only be a supertype of this parallel collection's
type parameter T.
A type parameter for the binary operator, a supertype of T.
A binary operator that must be associative.
The result of applying reduce operator op between all the elements if the collection is nonempty.
if this general iterable collection is empty.
Optionally applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection , going left to right.
Optionally applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection , going left to right.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered. or the operator is associative and commutative.
the binary operator.
an option value containing the result of reduceLeft(op) is this general iterable collection
is nonempty,
None otherwise.
Optionally reduces the elements of this sequence using the specified associative binary operator.
Optionally reduces the elements of this sequence using the specified associative binary operator.
The order in which operations are performed on elements is unspecified and may be nondeterministic.
Note this method has a different signature than the reduceLeftOption
and reduceRightOption methods of the trait Traversable.
The result of reducing may only be a supertype of this parallel collection's
type parameter T.
A type parameter for the binary operator, a supertype of T.
A binary operator that must be associative.
An option value containing result of applying reduce operator op between all
the elements if the collection is nonempty, and None otherwise.
Applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection , going right to left.
Applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection , going right to left.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered. or the operator is associative and commutative.
the binary operator.
the result of inserting op between consecutive elements of this general iterable collection
,
going right to left:
op(x,,1,,, op(x,,2,,, ..., op(x,,n-1,,, x,,n,,)...))
where x1, ..., xn are the elements of this general iterable collection
.
if this general iterable collection is empty.
Optionally applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection , going right to left.
Optionally applies a binary operator to all elements of this general iterable collection , going right to left.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered. or the operator is associative and commutative.
the binary operator.
an option value containing the result of reduceRight(op) is this general iterable collection
is nonempty,
None otherwise.
Optionally reuses an existing combiner for better performance.
Optionally reuses an existing combiner for better performance. By default it doesn't - subclasses may override this behaviour.
The provided combiner oldc that can potentially be reused will be either some combiner from the previous computational task, or None if there
was no previous phase (in which case this method must return newc).
The combiner that is the result of the previous task, or None if there was no previous task.
The new, empty combiner that can be used.
Either newc or oldc.
[use case]
the collection to compare with.
true, if both collections contain the same elements in the same order, false otherwise.
[use case]
neutral element for the operator op
the associative operator for the scan
a collection containing the prefix scan of the elements in the original collection
Produces a collection containing cummulative results of applying the operator going left to right.
Produces a collection containing cummulative results of applying the operator going left to right.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.
the actual type of the resulting collection
the initial value
the binary operator applied to the intermediate result and the element
an implicit value of class CanBuildFrom which determines
the result class That from the current representation type Repr and
and the new element type B.
collection with intermediate results
Produces a collection containing cummulative results of applying the operator going right to left.
Produces a collection containing cummulative results of applying the operator going right to left. The head of the collection is the last cummulative result.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.
Example:
List(1, 2, 3, 4).scanRight(0)(_ + _) == List(10, 9, 7, 4, 0)
the actual type of the resulting collection
the initial value
the binary operator applied to the intermediate result and the element
an implicit value of class CanBuildFrom which determines
the result class That from the current representation type Repr and
and the new element type B.
collection with intermediate results
Selects an interval of elements.
Selects an interval of elements. The returned collection is made up
of all elements x which satisfy the invariant:
from <= indexOf(x) < until
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.
a general iterable collection
containing the elements greater than or equal to
index from extending up to (but not including) index until
of this general iterable collection
.
Splits this general iterable collection into a prefix/suffix pair according to a predicate.
Splits this general iterable collection into a prefix/suffix pair according to a predicate.
This method will use indexFlag signalling capabilities. This means
that splitters may set and read the indexFlag state.
The index flag is initially set to maximum integer value.
the predicate used to test the elements
a pair consisting of the longest prefix of the collection for which all
the elements satisfy pred, and the rest of the collection
Splits this general iterable collection into two at a given position.
Splits this general iterable collection
into two at a given position.
Note: c splitAt n is equivalent to (but possibly more efficient than)
(c take n, c drop n).
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.
the position at which to split.
a pair of general iterable collection
s consisting of the first n
elements of this general iterable collection
, and the other elements.
[use case]
the sum of all elements of this general iterable collection
with respect to the + operator in num.
Selects all elements except the first.
Selects all elements except the first.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.
a general iterable collection consisting of all elements of this general iterable collection
except the first one.
if the general iterable collection is empty.
Selects first n elements.
Selects first n elements.
Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.
Tt number of elements to take from this general iterable collection .
a general iterable collection
consisting only of the first n elements of this general iterable collection
,
or else the whole general iterable collection
, if it has less than n elements.
Takes the longest prefix of elements that satisfy the predicate.
Takes the longest prefix of elements that satisfy the predicate.
This method will use indexFlag signalling capabilities. This means
that splitters may set and read the indexFlag state.
The index flag is initially set to maximum integer value.
the predicate used to test the elements
the longest prefix of this general iterable collection
of elements that satisy the predicate pred
Some minimal number of elements after which this collection should be handled sequentially by different processors.
Some minimal number of elements after which this collection should be handled sequentially by different processors.
This method depends on the size of the collection and the parallelism level, which are both specified as arguments.
the size based on which to compute the threshold
the parallelism level based on which to compute the threshold
the maximum number of elements for performing operations sequentially
[use case]
an array containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
Converts this general iterable collection to a mutable buffer.
Converts this general iterable collection to a mutable buffer.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
a buffer containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
Converts this general iterable collection to an indexed sequence.
Converts this general iterable collection to an indexed sequence.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
an indexed sequence containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
Converts this general iterable collection to an iterable collection.
Converts this general iterable collection
to an iterable collection. Note that
the choice of target Iterable is lazy in this default implementation
as this TraversableOnce may be lazy and unevaluated (i.e. it may
be an iterator which is only traversable once).
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
an Iterable containing all elements of this general iterable collection
.
Returns an Iterator over the elements in this general iterable collection .
Returns an Iterator over the elements in this general iterable collection . Will return the same Iterator if this instance is already an Iterator.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
an Iterator containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
Converts this general iterable collection to a list.
Converts this general iterable collection to a list.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
a list containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
[use case]
a map containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
Converts this general iterable collection to a sequence.
Converts this general iterable collection
to a sequence. As with toIterable, it's lazy
in this default implementation, as this TraversableOnce may be
lazy and unevaluated.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
a sequence containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
Converts this general iterable collection to a set.
Converts this general iterable collection to a set.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
a set containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
Converts this general iterable collection to a stream.
Converts this general iterable collection to a stream.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
a stream containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
Creates a String representation of this object.
Creates a String representation of this object. The default representation is platform dependent. On the java platform it is the concatenation of the class name, "@", and the object's hashcode in hexadecimal.
a String representation of the object.
Converts this general iterable collection to an unspecified Traversable.
Converts this general iterable collection to an unspecified Traversable. Will return the same collection if this instance is already Traversable.
Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.
a Traversable containing all elements of this general iterable collection .
[use case]
the type of the second half of the returned pairs
The iterable providing the second half of each result pair
a new collection of type That containing pairs consisting of
corresponding elements of this general iterable collection
and that. The length
of the returned collection is the minimum of the lengths of this general iterable collection
and that.
[use case]
the iterable providing the second half of each result pair
the element to be used to fill up the result if this general iterable collection
is shorter than that.
the element to be used to fill up the result if that is shorter than this general iterable collection
.
a new collection of type That containing pairs consisting of
corresponding elements of this general iterable collection
and that. The length
of the returned collection is the maximum of the lengths of this general iterable collection
and that.
If this general iterable collection
is shorter than that, thisElem values are used to pad the result.
If that is shorter than this general iterable collection
, thatElem values are used to pad the result.
[use case]
A new collection of type That containing pairs consisting of all elements of this
general iterable collection
paired with their index. Indices start at 0.
A template trait for parallel collections of type
ParIterable[T].This is a base trait for Scala parallel collections. It defines behaviour common to all parallel collections. Concrete parallel collections should inherit this trait and
ParIterableif they want to define specific combiner factories.Parallel operations are implemented with divide and conquer style algorithms that parallelize well. The basic idea is to split the collection into smaller parts until they are small enough to be operated on sequentially.
All of the parallel operations are implemented as tasks within this trait. Tasks rely on the concept of splitters, which extend iterators. Every parallel collection defines:
def splitter: IterableSplitter[T]which returns an instance of
IterableSplitter[T], which is a subtype ofSplitter[T]. Parallel iterators have a methodremainingto check the remaining number of elements, and methodsplitwhich is defined by splitters. Methodsplitdivides the splitters iterate over into disjunct subsets:def split: Seq[Splitter]which splits the splitter into a sequence of disjunct subsplitters. This is typically a very fast operation which simply creates wrappers around the receiver collection. This can be repeated recursively.
Method
newCombinerproduces a new combiner. Combiners are an extension of builders. They provide a methodcombinewhich combines two combiners and returns a combiner containing elements of both combiners. This method can be implemented by aggressively copying all the elements into the new combiner or by lazily binding their results. It is recommended to avoid copying all of the elements for performance reasons, although that cost might be negligible depending on the use case. Standard parallel collection combiners avoid copying when merging results, relying either on a two-step lazy construction or specific data-structure properties.Methods:
def seq: Sequential def par: Reprproduce the sequential or parallel implementation of the collection, respectively. Method
parjust returns a reference to this parallel collection. Methodseqis efficient - it will not copy the elements. Instead, it will create a sequential version of the collection using the same underlying data structure. Note that this is not the case for sequential collections in general - they may copy the elements and produce a different underlying data structure.The combination of methods
toMap,toSeqortoSetalong withparandseqis a flexible way to change between different collection types.The method:
def threshold(sz: Int, p: Int): Intprovides an estimate on the minimum number of elements the collection has before the splitting stops and depends on the number of elements in the collection. A rule of the thumb is the number of elements divided by 8 times the parallelism level. This method may be overridden in concrete implementations if necessary.
Since this trait extends the
Iterabletrait, methods likesizemust also be implemented in concrete collections, whileiteratorforwards tosplitterby default.Each parallel collection is bound to a specific fork/join pool, on which dormant worker threads are kept. The fork/join pool contains other information such as the parallelism level, that is, the number of processors used. When a collection is created, it is assigned the default fork/join pool found in the
scala.parallelpackage object.Parallel collections are not necessarily ordered in terms of the
foreachoperation (seeTraversable). Parallel sequences have a well defined order for iterators - creating an iterator and traversing the elements linearly will always yield the same order. However, bulk operations such asforeach,maporfilteralways occur in undefined orders for all parallel collections.Existing parallel collection implementations provide strict parallel iterators. Strict parallel iterators are aware of the number of elements they have yet to traverse. It's also possible to provide non-strict parallel iterators, which do not know the number of elements remaining. To do this, the new collection implementation must override
isStrictSplitterCollectiontofalse. This will make some operations unavailable.To create a new parallel collection, extend the
ParIterabletrait, and implementsize,parallelIterator,newCombinerandseq. Having an implicit combiner factory requires extending this trait in addition, as well as providing a companion object, as with regular collections.Method
sizeis implemented as a constant time operation for parallel collections, and parallel collection operations rely on this assumption.The higher-order functions passed to certain operations may contain side-effects. Since implementations of bulk operations may not be sequential, this means that side-effects may not be predictable and may produce data-races, deadlocks or invalidation of state if care is not taken. It is up to the programmer to either avoid using side-effects or to use some form of synchronization when accessing mutable data.
the element type of the collection
the type of the actual collection containing the elements