Sends msg
to this actor (asynchronous).
Sends msg
to this actor (asynchronous).
the message to send
Sends msg
to this actor and
immediately returns a future representing the reply value.
Sends msg
to this actor and
immediately returns a future representing the reply value.
the message to be sent
the future
Sends msg
to this actor and
immediately returns a future representing the reply value.
Sends msg
to this actor and
immediately returns a future representing the reply value.
The reply is post-processed using the partial functionhandler
. This also allows to recover a more
precise type for the reply value.
the message to be sent
the function to be applied to the response
the future
o != arg0
is the same as !(o == (arg0))
.
o != arg0
is the same as !(o == (arg0))
.
the object to compare against this object for dis-equality.
false
if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; true
otherwise.
Sends msg
to this actor and
awaits reply (synchronous) within msec
milliseconds.
Sends msg
to this actor and
awaits reply (synchronous) within msec
milliseconds.
the time span before timeout
the message to be sent
None
in case of timeout, otherwise
Some(x)
where x
is the reply
Sends msg
to this actor and
awaits reply (synchronous).
Sends msg
to this actor and
awaits reply (synchronous).
the message to be sent
the reply
o == arg0
is the same as if (o eq null) arg0 eq null else o.equals(arg0)
.
o == arg0
is the same as if (o eq null) arg0 eq null else o.equals(arg0)
.
the object to compare against this object for equality.
true
if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false
otherwise.
o == arg0
is the same as o.equals(arg0)
.
o == arg0
is the same as o.equals(arg0)
.
the object to compare against this object for equality.
true
if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false
otherwise.
Receives the next message from this actor's mailbox.
Receives the next message from this actor's mailbox.
The actor's behavior is specified by implementing this method.
The actor's behavior is specified by implementing this method.
This method is used to cast the receiver object to be of type T0
.
This method is used to cast the receiver object to be of type T0
.
Note that the success of a cast at runtime is modulo Scala's erasure semantics. Therefore the expression1.asInstanceOf[String]
will throw a ClassCastException
at runtime, while the expressionList(1).asInstanceOf[List[String]]
will not. In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as
part of compilation it is not possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the requested typed.
the receiver object.
This method creates and returns a copy of the receiver object.
This method creates and returns a copy of the receiver object.
The default implementation of the clone
method is platform dependent.
a copy of the receiver object.
Continues with the execution of the closure registered as
continuation following andThen
.
Continues with the execution of the closure registered as
continuation following andThen
. Continues with the execution
of the next loop iteration when invoked inside the body of loop
or loopWhile
.
This method is used to test whether the argument (arg0
) is a reference to the
receiver object (this
).
This method is used to test whether the argument (arg0
) is a reference to the
receiver object (this
).
The eq
method implements an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation equivalence relation] on
non-null instances of AnyRef
:
* It is reflexive: for any non-null instance x
of type AnyRef
, x.eq(x)
returns true
.
* It is symmetric: for any non-null instances x
and y
of type AnyRef
, x.eq(y)
returns true
if and
only if y.eq(x)
returns true
.
* It is transitive: for any non-null instances x
, y
, and z
of type AnyRef
if x.eq(y)
returns true
and y.eq(z)
returns true
, then x.eq(z)
returns true
.
Additionally, the eq
method has three other properties.
* It is consistent: for any non-null instances x
and y
of type AnyRef
, multiple invocations of
x.eq(y)
consistently returns true
or consistently returns false
.
* For any non-null instance x
of type AnyRef
, x.eq(null)
and null.eq(x)
returns false
.
* null.eq(null)
returns true
.
When overriding the equals
or hashCode
methods, it is important to ensure that their behavior is
consistent with reference equality. Therefore, if two objects are references to each other (o1 eq o2
), they
should be equal to each other (o1 == o2
) and they should hash to the same value (o1.hashCode == o2.hashCode
).
the object to compare against this object for reference equality.
true
if the argument is a reference to the receiver object; false
otherwise.
This method is used to compare the receiver object (this
) with the argument object (arg0
) for equivalence.
This method is used to compare the receiver object (this
) with the argument object (arg0
) for equivalence.
The default implementations of this method is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation equivalence
relation]:
* It is reflexive: for any instance x
of type Any
, x.equals(x)
should return true
.
* It is symmetric: for any instances x
and y
of type Any
, x.equals(y)
should return true
if and
only if y.equals(x)
returns true
.
* It is transitive: for any instances x
, y
, and z
of type AnyRef
if x.equals(y)
returns true
and
y.equals(z)
returns true
, then x.equals(z)
should return true
.
If you override this method, you should verify that your implementation remains an equivalence relation.
Additionally, when overriding this method it is often necessary to override hashCode
to ensure that objects
that are "equal" (o1.equals(o2)
returns true
) hash to the same
scala.Int
(o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)
).
the object to compare against this object for equality.
true
if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false
otherwise.
This partial function is applied to exceptions that propagate out of this actor's body.
Terminates with exit reason 'normal
.
Terminates execution of self
with the following
effect on linked actors:
Terminates execution of self
with the following
effect on linked actors:
For each linked actor a
with
trapExit
set to true
, send message
Exit(self, reason)
to a
.
For each linked actor a
with
trapExit
set to false
(default),
call a.exit(reason)
if
reason != 'normal
.
This method is called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when garbage collection determines that there are no more references to the object.
This method is called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when garbage collection determines that there are no more references to the object.
The details of when and if the finalize
method are invoked, as well as the interaction between finalize
and non-local returns and exceptions, are all platform dependent.
Forwards msg
to this actor (asynchronous).
Forwards msg
to this actor (asynchronous).
the message to forward
Returns a representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.
Returns a representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.
The nature of the representation is platform dependent.
a representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.
Returns the execution state of this actor.
Returns the execution state of this actor.
the execution state
Returns a hash code value for the object.
Returns a hash code value for the object.
The default hashing algorithm is platform dependent.
Note that it is allowed for two objects to have identical hash codes (o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)
) yet
not be equal (o1.equals(o2)
returns false
). A degenerate implementation could always return 0
.
However, it is required that if two objects are equal (o1.equals(o2)
returns true
) that they have
identical hash codes (o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)
). Therefore, when overriding this method, be sure
to verify that the behavior is consistent with the equals
method.
the hash code value for the object.
This method is used to test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object is T0
.
This method is used to test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object is T0
.
Note that the test result of the test is modulo Scala's erasure semantics. Therefore the expression1.isInstanceOf[String]
will return false
, while the expression List(1).isInstanceOf[List[String]]
will
return true
. In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as part of compilation it is not
possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the requested typed.
true
if the receiver object is an instance of erasure of type T0
; false
otherwise.
Links self
to the actor defined by body
.
Links self
to the actor defined by body
.
the body of the actor to link to
the parameter actor
Links self
to actor to
.
Links self
to actor to
.
the actor to link to
the parameter actor
Repeatedly executes body
.
Repeatedly executes body
.
the block to be executed
Repeatedly executes body
while the condition cond
is true
.
Repeatedly executes body
while the condition cond
is true
.
the condition to test
the block to be executed
Enables the composition of suspendable closures using andThen
,loop
, loopWhile
, etc.
Enables the composition of suspendable closures using andThen
,loop
, loopWhile
, etc.
o.ne(arg0)
is the same as !(o.eq(arg0))
.
o.ne(arg0)
is the same as !(o.eq(arg0))
.
the object to compare against this object for reference dis-equality.
false
if the argument is not a reference to the receiver object; true
otherwise.
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
Receives a message from this actor's mailbox.
Receives a message from this actor's mailbox.
This method never returns. Therefore, the rest of the computation has to be contained in the actions of the partial function.
Receives a message from this actor's mailbox within a certain time span.
Receives a message from this actor's mailbox within a certain time span.
This method never returns. Therefore, the rest of the computation has to be contained in the actions of the partial function.
the time span before timeout
Receives a message from this actor's mailbox.
Receives a message from this actor's mailbox.
a partial function with message patterns and actions
result of processing the received value
Receives a message from this actor's mailbox within a certain time span.
Receives a message from this actor's mailbox within a certain time span.
the time span before timeout
a partial function with message patterns and actions
result of processing the received value
Returns the Actor
that is receiving from this actor.
Returns the Actor
that is receiving from this actor.
Replies with msg
to the sender.
Restarts this actor.
Restarts this actor.
Sends msg
to this actor (asynchronous) supplying
explicit reply destination.
Sends msg
to this actor (asynchronous) supplying
explicit reply destination.
the message to send
the reply destination
Returns the actor which sent the last received message.
Returns the actor which sent the last received message.
Starts this actor.
Returns a string representation of the object.
Returns a string representation of the object.
The default representation is platform dependent.
a string representation of the object.
Unlinks self
from actor from
.
Unlinks self
from actor from
.
This trait provides lightweight, concurrent actors. Actors are created by extending the
Actor
trait (alternatively, one of the factory methods in its companion object can be used). The behavior of anActor
subclass is defined by implementing itsact
method:A new
Actor
instance is started by invoking itsstart
method.Note: care must be taken when invoking thread-blocking methods other than those provided by the
Actor
trait or its companion object (such asreceive
). Blocking the underlying thread inside an actor may lead to starvation of other actors. This also applies to actors hogging their thread for a long time between invokingreceive
/react
.If actors use blocking operations (for example, methods for blocking I/O), there are several options:
actors.corePoolSize
JVM property).scheduler
method of theActor
trait can be overridden to return aResizableThreadPoolScheduler
, which resizes its thread pool to avoid starvation caused by actors that invoke arbitrary blocking methods.actors.enableForkJoin
JVM property can be set tofalse
, in which case aResizableThreadPoolScheduler
is used by default to execute actors.The main ideas of the implementation are explained in the two papers
- Event-Based Programming without Inversion of Control,
Philipp Haller and Martin Odersky, Proc. JMLC 2006, and
- Actors that Unify Threads and Events,
Philipp Haller and Martin Odersky, Proc. COORDINATION 2007.